A preliminary relative chronology of the Kelenderis staters is given in Table 1. Anchoring this relative chronology in time as well as the inclusion of lower denominations will be added later. For the time being, the staters are divided into a total of 11 phases in terms of relative time order. Within each phase, coins are divided into stages based on identified die links, where possible. In many cases, the numbering of coin types in this catalogue does not correspond to this proposed chronological order. This is because the classification and numbering of coin types is preliminary and in some cases will be revised.

The division of coins into phases and stages is based on the following data presented on this website:

• iconography and style (Coin Catalogue: Kelenderis)
• die links (Die Analyses: Kelenderis)
• hoards data (Hoards: Kelenderis)
• weight analyses (Weight Analyses: Kelenderis)
• countermarks (Coin Catalogue: Countermarks)
• overstrikes (Coin Catalogue: Overstrikes)

Phase	Stage	Type	Comments
I	1	1.1	emphasized representation of rectus abdominis muscles	die link
	2	1.2			round flans predominate
	3	1.3		rev.: dotted border
II	?	2.1		fierce-looking goat with massive horns
	?	2.3
III	?	2.2	rectus abdominis muscles depicted more realistically		rev.: astragalos
	?	2.4			obv. 2.4b: behind horse’s forelegs, Π
	?	2.5			rev.: boxed form of letter heta
IV	1	2.11	die links		obv.: in front of horse’s hind legs, Π
	2	2.8			obv.: in front of horse’s hind legs, A
	3	2.9		horse decorated with ornamental collar (with the exception of variants 2.6a and 2.6c–d)	obv.: in front of horse’s hind legs, A engraved over another character; 2.9b–c: behind horse’s forelegs, Π (retrograde)
	4	2.7			obv.: behind horse’s forelegs, A
V	1	2.10	die links		obv.: behind horse’s forelegs, letter resembling Π
	2	2.6
	3	2.12			goat oriented to the right
VI	1	3.1	die links
		3.8		die link to 3.10
	2	3.3
		3.10		die link to 3.8
	?	3.2	similar style as Types 3.1 and 3.3
VII	1	3.14	die links
	2	3.13		die links
		3.7			die links
		3.11
VIII	?	3.12	die links
	?	3.9
IX		3.4	corresponds in weight to types in phases X and XI, but the style is earlier
X	1	3.16	die links		late style
	2	3.15		die links
	3	3.5
XI	1	3.17	die links	rider sitting astride a horse
	2	3.6

Table 1: Relative chronology of Kelenderis staters

Notes on this preliminary relative chronology:

1. The three groups into which the Kelenderis staters are divided in this catalogue represent their basic chronological arrangement: Group 1 includes Phase I, Group 2 includes Phases II–V, and Group 3 includes Phases VI–XI. There is no die link between these three groups, and therefore it cannot be ruled out that there was always a certain time gap between them.
2. The chronological placement of Group 2 before Group 3 is also suggested by weight analysis and by early Aspendos staters with a warrior advancing to the right on the obverse and a triskeles on the reverse, which are overstruck on Kelenderis staters of Types 2.1–11 (Group 2). At the same time, there is a Kelenderis stater of Type 1.3 (Group 1) overstruck on this early type of Aspendos staters. This means that the minting periods of these early Aspendos staters and Kelenderis staters of Groups 1 and 2 probably overlapped to a considerable extent. It should be noted that no conclusion can be drawn from the existence of Nagidos staters of Type 2.7 overstruck on Kelenderis staters with the rider facing right (Group 3) until the chronology of Nagidos coins has also been compiled (in preparation).
3. The earliest coins of Group 2 (Phase II) are, like coins of Group 1, characterized by emphasizing the rider’s ripped rectus abdominis muscles. Such a way of depicting male figures can be found on Greek gems from the late Archaic and early Classical periods, see e.g. Richter 1968, nos. 41 (p. 37) and 99–101 (p. 51), as well as on Etruscan gems from this period, see e.g. ibid., nos. 834–6 (pp. 205–6). This does not mean, of course, that these coins date from the first half of the 5th century BC, but they can be placed chronologically before the other types of coins in Group 2.
4. On coins of Phase III, the ripped rectus abdominis muscles are depicted more realistically. However, these coins are connected to coins of Phase II by the impressive depiction of a fierce-looking goat with massive horns. On coins belonging to all subsequent phases, the depiction of the goat lacks this raw impressiveness.
5. On all coins belonging to Phases I–III, the city ethnic, if given, is located either in the exergue on the obverse or reverse, or vertically on the reverse, unlike coins belonging to Phases IV–XI.
6. The order of Phases IV and V is determined by the beginning of the depiction of a horse with a decorative collar during Phase IV, which then continued in Phase V, and by the fact that the orientation of the goat to the right in the last stage of Phase V (Type 2.12) already anticipates the changes in its orientation in Group 3.
7. In Group 3, Phase VI is characterized by an earlier style than the following phases. Coins of Types 3.7 and 3.10, assigned to Phases VI and VII, are present in the Celenderis Hoard (IGCH 1255, c. 400 BC). Coins of some types assigned to Phases VI, VII, and VIII are present in the hoard IGCH 1258 (c. 390–380 BC).
8. The chronological classification of Type 3.4 is problematic. In terms of weight, this type corresponds to the late types 3.5–6 and 3.15–17, but stylistically it differs from these late mintages and does not fit in with the earlier types either. For these reasons, this type has been included in a separate phase IX for the time being.
9. The coins from the last Phases X and XI are characterized by a late “academic” style and lower weight. The depiction of a rider sitting astride a horse, rather than dismounting, places Types 3.6 and 3.17 in the final phase of Kelenderis staters production.
10. As Table 2 below shows, most types of countermarks are restricted to only one time phase. The exceptions are the countermarks “bull standing l., Aramaic letters IZ above” and “wolf running l., crescent above” used on coins from both Phases VI and VII, and the countermark “bull walking r., crescent above” used on coins from Phases VI, VII and X, with the vast majority occurring on coins from Phase X. These overlaps are marked in light blue in Table 2. Note that the total number of countermarked coins is slightly lower than the number of countermarks in Table 2, as some coins have more than one countermark.

Countermark	Phase
	I	V	VI	VII	X
bull standing l., Aramaic letters IZ above			2	1
bull walking l., crescent above					1
bull walking l., V=Λ above				1
bull walking r.					2
bull walking r., crescent above			1	2	22
eagle standing l., upward trident behind it			1
Egyptian hieroglyph NEFER	1
grazing boar r.		2
ibis r.	1
quadruped kneeling l. with head reverted				1
three pellets		1
three pellets and Χ pattern		1
unidentified			3
wolf running l., crescent above			1	1
wolf running r., crescent above				1
wolf running r., Ν (?) above			1
wolf walking r., retrograte N (?) above, Λ below				1
Total	2	4	9	8	25

Table 2: Numbers of countermarks in individual phases