Segmentation Coin types Additional symbols City ethnic
Segmentation
Staters are segmented into three groups based on the orientation of the obverse and the way the goat is depicted on the reverse:
GROUP 1 | |
Time period: | c. 450 BC |
Characteristic: | The obverse and reverse are oriented to the left. The reverse depicts the forepart of a goat looking ahead. |
GROUP 2 | |
Time period: | c. 450–405 BC |
Characteristic: | The obverse is oriented to the left, the orientation of the reverse is not fixed. The reverse always depicts a whole goat looking the opposite direction. |
GROUP 3 | |
Time period: | c. 405–375 BC (?) |
Characteristic: | The obverse is oriented to the right, the orientation of the reverse is not fixed. The reverse always depicts a whole goat looking the opposite direction. |
The dating of these groups is uncertain. For Group 1, the traditional dating to about the middle of the 5th century BC is given here. The division between Group 2 and Group 3 is based on Kraay 1962, p. 15. The year 375 BC as terminus ante quem for the stater mintage is based on published hoards, but this is a highly uncertain estimate and it is possible that some types were minted much later. Note that Casabonne 2004, p. 117, gives a different segmentation except for Group 1, which he places, however, in the period 440–430 BC.
Third staters and silver fractions (obols and hemiobols) are listed in separate sections. A special section includes bronze coins with a gorgoneion on the obverse and a kneeling goat on the reverse. These bronze coins are usually dated to the 2nd century BC (e.g., SNG Levante and SNG Levante Supp.), but their style and light weight are consistent with pre-Hellenistic coins. Also, the sun symbol (Type 7.3c) connects them with obols from the pre-Hellenistic period (Types 5.12b and 5.14).
Coin types
Staters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Obverse | Reverse | Distinctive features | Type | ||
horseman | left | forepart of goat |
left | rev.: above goat, ethnic | 1.1 |
rev.: above goat, Corinthian helmet; behind goat, ethnic | 1.2 | ||||
obv.: rider wearing chlamys rev.: dotted border |
1.3 | ||||
goat | left | rev.: in exergue, ethnic; dotted border | 2.1 | ||
obv.: in exergue, ethnic rev.: astragalos, double exergual line with hatched markings |
2.2 | ||||
obv.: in exergue, ethnic rev.: ivy branch, triple exergual line |
2.3 | ||||
rev.: on left, ethnic; above goat, ivy branch ending in a flower | 2.4a | ||||
obv.: behind horse’s forelegs, Π rev.: on left, ethnic; above goat, ivy branch ending in a flower |
2.4b | ||||
obv.: in exergue, dolphin rev.: boxed form of letter heta |
2.5 | ||||
anepigraphic | 2.6a | ||||
rev.: above goat, ethnic | 2.6b–g | ||||
obv.: behind horse’s forelegs, A rev.: above goat, ethnic |
2.7 | ||||
obv.: in front of horse’s hind legs, A rev.: above goat, ethnic |
2.8 | ||||
obv.: in front of horse’s hind legs, A (or Λ?) engraved over another character rev.: above goat, ethnic |
2.9 | ||||
obv.: behind horse’s forelegs, letter resembling Π rev.: above goat, ethnic |
2.10 | ||||
obv.: in front of horse’s hind legs, Π rev.: above goat, ethnic |
2.11 | ||||
right | rev.: above goat, ethnic; double dotted and solid exergual line | 2.12 | |||
right | goat | left | rev.: above goat, ethnic | 3.1 | |
rev.: ethnic divided into two parts | 3.2 | ||||
rev.: ethnic divided into three parts | 3.3 | ||||
rev.: above goat, KE; no incuse | 3.4 | ||||
rev.: above goat, ethnic; dotted border; no incuse | 3.5 | ||||
obv.: rider sitting astride; above horse, Sun rev.: above goat, ethnic; dotted border; no incuse |
3.6 | ||||
right | rev.: above goat, ethnic (on some variants divided into two parts) | 3.7 | |||
rev.: above goat, ethnic (on some variants divided into two parts); control mark(s) | 3.8 | ||||
obv.: whip loop rev.: above goat, ethnic (on some variants divided into two parts) |
3.9 | ||||
rev.: above goat, ethnic; exergue, dolphin | 3.10 | ||||
rev.: above goat, ethnic; below goat, olive sprig | 3.11 | ||||
obv.: below horse, T rev.: above goat, ethnic; no incuse |
3.12 | ||||
rev.: square incuse | 3.13 | ||||
rev.: above goat, ethnic (on some variants divided into two parts); dotted border; no incuse | 3.14 | ||||
obv.: below horse, control mark rev.: above goat, ethnic; control mark(s); no incuse |
3.15 | ||||
rev.: above goat, ethnic; faint dotted border | 3.16 | ||||
obv.: rider sitting astride; above horse, Sun rev.: above goat, ethnic; control mark(s); dotted border; no incuse |
3.17 | ||||
Third Staters | |||||
Obverse | Reverse | Distinctive features | Type | ||
forepart of Pegasus |
left | forepart of goat |
left | rev.: goat looking ahead | 4.1 |
horseman | left | goat | left | rev.: above goat, astragalos | 4.2 |
obv.: before horse, round shield; in exergue, dolphin rev.: boxed form of letter heta |
4.3 | ||||
rev.: above goat, ivy branch | 4.4 | ||||
obv.: in exergue, ethnic rev.: above goat, ethnic |
4.5 | ||||
rev.: above goat, ethnic | 4.6 | ||||
obv.: letter Π rev.: above goat, ethnic |
4.7 | ||||
right | goat | left | rev.: above goat, ethnic (on some variants divided into two parts) | 4.8 | |
right | rev.: above goat, ethnic | 4.9 | |||
Obols | |||||
Obverse | Reverse | Distinctive features | Type | ||
forepart of Pegasus |
left | forepart of goat |
left | obv.: Pegasus has wide wings rev.: goat looking ahead |
5.1 |
obv.: Pegasus has wide wings rev.: ethnic or ivy leaf or branch |
5.2a–d | ||||
right | obv.: Pegasus has wide wings rev.: ivy leaf with stem |
5.2e | |||
rev.: around goat; ethnic | 5.3a | ||||
right | forepart of goat |
left | rev.: above or around goat; ethnic | 5.3b–c | |
right | rev.: around goat; ethnic | 5.3d | |||
left | goat | right | rev.: above goat, ethnic | 5.4a | |
right | goat | right | rev.: ethnic | 5.4b–e | |
forepart of horse |
left | forepart of goat |
right | obv.: round shield rev.: boxed form of letter heta |
5.5 |
head of Athena | left | forepart of Pegasus |
left | rev.: square incuse | 5.6 |
goat | right | rev.: above goat, ethnic | 5.9 | ||
gorgoneion | en face | forepart of Pegasus |
left | rev.: square incuse | 5.7a |
right | rev.: square incuse | 5.7b | |||
forepart of horse |
right | rev.: square incuse | 5.8 | ||
astragalos | en face | rev.: ethnic | 5.13 | ||
rev.: ethnic and Sun | 5.14 | ||||
horse | left | goat | left | rev.: above goat, ethnic | 5.11a |
right | forepart of goat |
right | rev.: ethnic, kerykeion | 5.10 | |
goat | left | rev.: anepigraphic or ethnic above goat | 5.11b–d | ||
obv.: above horse, wreath rev.: ethnic and control mark |
5.12a | ||||
right | rev.: anepigraphic or ethnic above goat | 5.11e–i | |||
obv.: above horse, Sun rev.: ethnic and facing lion’s head (?) |
5.12b | ||||
Hemiobols | |||||
Obverse | Reverse | Distinctive features | Type | ||
forepart of Pegasus |
left | forepart of goat |
left | rev.: ethnic | 6.1a–d |
goat | left | rev.: ethnic | 6.2a | ||
right | rev.: ethnic | 6.2b | |||
right | forepart of goat |
right | rev.: anepigraphic (?) | 6.1e | |
goat | right | rev.: ethnic | 6.2c–f | ||
head of Athena | right | forepart of Pegasus |
left | rev.: square incuse | 6.3 |
gorgoneion | en face | forepart of Pegasus |
left | rev.: square incuse | 6.4 |
forepart of horse |
right | rev.: square incuse | 6.5 | ||
horse | right | goat | right | rev.: ethnic | 6.6 |
Bronze coins | |||||
Obverse | Reverse | Distinctive features | Type | ||
gorgoneion | en face | forepart of goat |
right | anepigraphic | 7.1 |
goat | left | anepigraphic | 7.2 | ||
goat | right | rev.: ethnic | 7.3a–b | ||
rev.: ethnic; Sun | 7.3c |
Additional symbols
Symbol | Denomination | Position | Orientation | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
astragalos | stater | rev.: upper field | — | 2.2 |
rev.: exergue | — | 2.8e | ||
third stater | rev.: upper field | — | 4.2 | |
Corinthian helmet | stater | rev.: upper field | left | 1.2 |
dolphin | stater | obv.: exergue | left | 2.5 |
rev.: exergue | right | 3.10 | ||
third stater | obv.: exergue | left | 4.3 | |
ivy branch (various forms) |
stater | rev.: upper field | left | 2.3b–c, 2.4, 2.6b, 2.9c, 2.11a |
right | 2.3a, 3.9d | |||
third stater | rev.: upper field | left | 4.4b–c, 4.6b | |
right | 4.4a | |||
obol | rev.: right field | left | 5.2c | |
ivy leaf | stater | rev.: upper field | left | 2.6f, 3.1d–e |
rev.: exergue | right | 2.12c | ||
obol | rev.: upper field | left | 5.2e | |
obv..: exergue rev.: exergue |
right | 5.2d | ||
kerykeion (caduceus) |
stater | rev.: exergue | left | 3.15d |
obol | rev.: left field | — | 5.10 | |
lion’s head | stater | rev.: right field | facing | 3.17a–b, e |
obol | rev.: right field | facing | 5.12b | |
olive sprig | stater | rev.: lower field | — | 3.11 |
round shield | third stater | obv.: left field | — | 4.3 |
obol | obv.: left field | — | 5.5 | |
Sun | stater | obv.: upper field | — | 3.6, 3.17 |
obol | obv.: upper field | — | 5.12b | |
obol | rev.: left field | — | 5.14 | |
bronze coins | rev.: right field | — | 7.3c | |
wreath | obol | obv.: upper field | — | 5.12a |
City ethnic
Ethnic | Denomination | Position | Type |
---|---|---|---|
KEΛENΔEPITIKON | stater | rev. | 3.13a–c |
KEΛEN | stater | obv. | 1.3c |
rev. | 1.2, 2.6e–g, 2.7b, 2.8d–e, 2.9, 2.10c, 2.12, 3.1f, 3.2, 3.3, 3.6b, 3.7c–f, 3.8b–k, 3.9b–f, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13d, 3.14, 3.15a–d, 3.16b–c, 3.17c–e | ||
third stater | rev. | 4.6c, 4.7a, 4.8, 4.9 | |
KEΛE | stater | obv. | 2.3c |
rev. | 2.6d, 2.8c, 2.11b, 3.1d–e, 3.8a, 3.9a, 3.16a, 3.17a–b | ||
third stater | rev. | 4.6b | |
KEΛ | stater | obv. | 2.3a–b, 2.2 |
rev. | 1.1, 2.1, 2.4, 2.7a, 2.8a–b, 2.10a–b, 2.6b–c, 3.1a–c, 3.5, 3.7a | ||
third stater | obv. | 4.5 | |
rev. | 4.5, 4.6a, 4.7b–c | ||
obol | rev. | 5.2a–b, 5.3a, d, 5.4a, d–e, 5.9, 5.10b–c, 5.11d, h–i, 5.13a, c | |
hemiobol | rev. | 6.1c–d, 6.2b, d–f | |
KE | stater | rev. | 3.4 |
obol | rev. | 5.3b–c, 5.4b–c, 5.10a, 5.11a, c, f–g, 5.12, 5.14 | |
hemiobol | rev. | 6.1b, 6.2a, c, 6.6 | |
bronze coins | rev. | 7.3 | |
K | hemiobol | rev. | 6.1a |
KEΔ (sic) | obol | rev. | 5.13b |
KENΛ (sic) | stater | rev. | 3.7b |
anepigraphic | stater | 1.3a–b, 2.5, 2.6a, 3.15e (?) | |
third stater | 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 | ||
obol | 5.1, 5.2c–e, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.11b, d | ||
hemiobol | 6.1e (?), 6.3, 6.4, 6.5 | ||
bronze coins | 7.1, 7.2 |
16 July 2021 – 9 August 2024